Latin American Cities

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<A NAME="anchor1084065"></A>Latin
American Cities: Social Tensions and Urban Forms

<A HREF="../index.html">Geoffrey
Fox</A> | <A HREF="toc.html">América
Latina</A> |
<A HREF="biblioteca.html">Pequeña
biblioteca</A>
|

Developed for a course for the
Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies, New York University

<A HREF="#anchor1077576">Description</A> | <A
HREF="#anchor1078876">Topics</A> | <A
HREF="#anchor1080475">Bibliography</A>

<H4><A NAME="anchor1077576"></A>Description</H4>

Latin America's contested issues
are manifested in their cities' built forms architecture,
street and road systems, and urban layout. These forms permit
us to read repressed histories centuries later, and they continue
to be arenas of conflict over race, class and gender, and foreign
versus national interests. The course will focus on five of the
continent's oldest and most populous cities, where these conflicts
are intense and the outcomes will have intercontinental consequences:
Mexico, Havana, Lima, Buenos Aires and São Paulo.

<H4><A NAME="anchor1078876"></A>Topics 
1 Introduction</H4>

<H4>2 From Tenochtitlán
to "Mexico." Sabloff,
1997. The Cities of Ancient Mexico.</H4>

<H4>3 Mexico: Becoming the modern
metropolis. Davis, 1994.
Urban Leviathan</H4>

<H4>4 Havana, from foundation
to the Cuban Republic. Segre,
Coyula & Scarpaci, 1997. Havana</H4>

<H4>5 20th century Havana, capitalist
& socialist. Segre,
Coyula, & Scarpaci. Havana (cont.)</H4>

<H4>6 Lima as colonial center.
Hardoy, 1975. "Two
Thousand Years of Latin American Urbanization."</H4>

<H4>7 Lima in the 20th century.
Dietz, 1998; Lloyd, 1980.
</H4>

<H4>8 Buenos Aires: 1536 to 1900.
Fox, 1990. The Land
and People of Argentina.</H4>

<H4>9 Buenos Aires in the 20th
century. Foster, 1998.
Buenos Aires</H4>

<H4>10 São Paulo and the
Portuguese colonial project</H4>

<H4>11 São Paulo in the
20th century. <A HREF="#anchor194322">Kowarick,
1994</A>. Social Struggles and the City</H4>

<H4>12 Conclusions. <A HREF="#anchor221872">Angotti, 1993</A>.
Metropolis 2000; <A HREF="#anchor277727">Arrighi, 1999</A></H4>

<H4><A NAME="anchor1080475"></A>Readings</H4>

- . Patrimonio societal e
intervenciones urbanas: trece experiences en América Latina, Colección Estudios Urbanos.
Santiago: Ediciones Sur, 1996. 179 Case studies from Peru, Colombia,
Brazil, Ecuador, Guatemala, El Salvador, Argentina and Chile.

Andrews, George Reid. The
Afro-Argentines of Buenos Aires, 1800-1900. Madison: University
of Wisconsin Press, 1980. 286

Andrews, George Reid. Black
and Whites in São Paulo, Brazil: 1888-1988. Madison:
University of Wisconsin Press, 1991. 366

<A NAME="anchor221872"></A>Angotti,
Thomas. Metropolis 2000: Planning, Poverty and Politics.
London and New York: Routledge, 1993. 276

<BLOCKQUOTE>
"Metropolis" is a new
20th c. settlement form, distinct from older city because it
is much bigger (> 1 million pop.) & too economically,
socially & geographically diverse to wither; 20% of world
pop. live in such metropoloi. Potentially offers greatest freedom
to individuals of all settlement forms, because of that diversity.
Planning goal should be "integrated diversity"; US
model is not sufficiently integrated (too many separate planning
authorities, or no planning, causing great inefficiencies), Soviet
model was highly integrated (top-down) but not diverse politically
(because of lack of lower-level or distinct planning authorities
with any autonomy). Dependent metropolis (primate city of a dependent
country) is further distorted (some descriptive detail but not
much of a theory about this that I could find, but considers
Havana example to be the most positive). Some 20% of world population
live in metropolises, most in dependent countries. 95.05.07</BLOCKQUOTE>

<A NAME="anchor277727"></A>Arrighi,
Giovanni. "Globalization and Historical Macrosociology."
In Sociology for the Twenty-First Century: Continuities and
Cutting Edges, edited by Janet Abu-Lughod, 117-133. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1999.

<BLOCKQUOTE>
Critiques 2 schools, Comparative
& Historical Sociology (CHS, Charles Tilly et al.), &
Political Economy of World Systems (PEWS, Emmanual Wallerstein
et al.), & concludes: (1) contrary to Wallerstein, contemporary
international financial integration is different in important
ways from its predecessor world systems: 13c. Mongol empire that
"created the conditions for the emergence of an Afroeurasian
world trading system"; 16th c European colonization that
connected Indian Ocean to the Caribbean; 19th c European imperialism
over 4/5 of the globe. Mostly the difference is that this is
imperialism w/o an imperialist. (2) Center of world financial
power may be moving back to Asia, as in 13th c, though Western
theory finds this hard to recognize precisely because all its
terms are Western.</BLOCKQUOTE>

Arrom, Silvia Marina. Containing
the Poor: The Mexico City Poor House, 1774-1871. Durham NC:
Duke University Press, 2000. 398

Bentin Díaz-Canseco, José.
Enrique Seoane Ros: una búsqueda de raíces peruanas.
Lima: Índice Editores, 1989.

Bonduki, Nabil. Origens da
habitação social no Brasil. Arquitetura moderna,
Leido Inquilinato e difusão da casa propria. São
Paulo: FAPESP, 1998. 342

Bourdé, Guy. Buenos
Aires: urbanización e inmigración. Buenos Aires:
Ediorial Huemul, 1977.

Buschiazzo, Mario. La arquitectura
en la República Argentina, 1810-1930. Buenos Aires:
Mac Gaul, 1971.

*Burian, Edward R., ed. Modernity
and the Architecture of Mexico. Austin: University of Texas
Press, 1997. 220

Canevacci, Massimo. A cidade
polifônica. Ensaio sobre a antropología da comunicação
urbana. Translated by Cecília Prada. São Paulo:
Studio Nobel, 1997.

Cardich, Augusto. Civilización
andina: su formación. Lima: CONCYTEC, 1988.

Caveri, Claudio. Los sistemas
sociales a través de la arquitectura. Organización
popular y arquitectura latinoamericana. Buenos Aires: Cooperativa
Tierra, 1976.

Cela, Jorge. La otra cara
de la pobreza. Santo Domingo: Centro de Estudios Sociales,
P. Juan Montalvo, S.J., 1997.

Ciudad Alternativa, ed. Antología
Urbana de Ciudad Alternativa. Vol. I. Santo Domingo: Ciudad
Alternativa, 1996. 470

Dalto, Renalto. Missões
Jesuítico-Guaranis: Unisinos, 1999

*Davis, Diane E. Urban Leviathan:
Mexico City in the Twentieth Century. Philadelphia: Temple
University Press, 1994. 390

*Dietz, Henry A. Urban poverty,
political participation, and the state; Lima, 1970-1990:
U. of Pittsburgh Press, 1998.

Escardó, Florencio. Nueva
geografía de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires: Americalee,
1971.

*Ferguson, William M., and R.
E. W. Adams. Mesoamerica's Ancient Cities. Albuquerque:
University of New Mexico Press, 2001. 296

*Foster, David William. Buenos
Aires: Perspectives on the City and Cultural Production.
Gainesville: University Press of Gainesville, 1998. 231

*Fox, Geoffrey. The Land and
People of Argentina. New York: J. B. Lippincott (HarperCollins),
1990.

Fraser, Valerie. Building
the New World: Studies in the Modern Architecture of Latin America.
London & New York: Verso, 2000. 280

Frúgoli, Heitor, Jr. Centralidade
em São Paulo: Trajetórias, conflitos e negociações
na metrópole. São Paulo: Editra da Universidade
de São Paulo, 2000. 254

García Canclini, Néstor.
Consumidores y ciudadanos: Conflictos multiculturales de la
globalización. México: Grijalbo, 1995. 198

Gonçalves, Maria Flora,
ed. O novo Brasil urbano. Impasses. Dilemas. Perspectivas.
Porto Alegre: Mercado Aberto, 1995. 358

Gutiérrez, Ramón
A. Arquitectura y urbanismo en Iberoamérica. Madrid:
Ediciones Cátedra, 1983.

Guy, Donna J. Sex and Danger
in Buenos Aires: Prostitution, Family, and Nation in Argentina.
Lincoln NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1991. 260

Hardoy, Jorge E. "Two Thousand
Years of Latin American Urbanization." In Urbanization
in Latin America: Approaches and Issues, edited by J. E.
Hardoy. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1975.

Higgins, Michael James, and Tanya
L. Coen. Streets, Bedrooms and Patios: The Ordinariness of
Diversity in Urban Oaxaca. Austin: University of Texas Press,
2000. 312

<A NAME="anchor194322"></A>Kowarick,
Lúcio, ed. Social Struggles and the City: the case
of São Paulo. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1994.

<BLOCKQUOTE>
Takes the story from the protests
against the high cost of living and rent strikes by immigrant
workers of 1912-15, up through the first Partido dos Trabalhadores
administration of Luiza Erundina, 1989-91. The PT emerged from
the failure of the massive strikes of metal workers (especially
auto workers in São Bernardo suburb) against extremely
aggressive repression by the military government, and the realization
by the metal workers union (now led by Luis Inacio da Silva,
"Lula") that they could win only if they organized
politically. The huge strikes had mobilized community-based groups,
which for the first time organized pickets and other tactics
learned during the strike, and made political, community-based
action an obvious strategy for the left. The PT had no ideology
of its own beyond its workerist demands, and so was open to communists,
trotskyists, anarchists, religious radicals and any other group
seeking to advance an agenda of better wages and conditions.
The internal conflicts in the PT can be fierce, and created serious
problems for Erundina, who represented some of the more radical
sectors but needed the support of other PT members of the city
council. (As president, Lula will have to contend with all these
forces, but has the advantage of the great prestige from his
leadership in 1979 and his obvious skill at managing factions.)
Essays in this book by Laís Wendel Abramo on the metalworkers'
strike in São Bernardo, Silvio Caccia Bava on neighborhood
movements and the trade unions in São Bernardo, and the
essays by Kowarick and Nobil G. Bonduki are especially helpful
in understanding the dynamics and success of this mass urban
party. 02.11.23</BLOCKQUOTE>

Lemos, Carlos A. C. "Ecletismo
em São Paulo." In Ecletismo na arquitetura brasileira,
edited by Annateresa Fabris. São Paulo: Nobel/Edusp, 1987.

León-Portilla, Miguel.
The Broken Spears. Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico.
Translated by From Nahuatl into Spanish: Garibay K., Angel María;
English translation by Lysander Kemp. Boston: Beacon Press, 1962.
157 pp. + bib, index

Levy, Evelyn. Democracia nas
cidades globais: un estudo sobre Londres e São Paulo.
São Paulo: Studio Nobel, 1997. 231

*Lloyd, Peter. The "Young
Towns" of Lima. Aspects of Urbanization in Peru. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1980.

Low, Setha M. On the Plaza:
The Politics of Public Space and Culture. Austin: University
of Texas Press, 2000. 274

Magnani, José Gulherme
C. Mystica urbe: um estudo antropológico sobre o circuito
neo-esotérico na cidade. São Paulo: Studio
Nobel, 1999. 143

Martínez, Rubén.
The Other Side: Notes from the New L.A., Mexico City, and
Beyond. New York: Vintage, 1993. 170

Martínez-Vergne, Teresita.
Shaping the Discourse on Space: Charity and Its Wards in Nineteenth-Century
San Juan, Puerto Rico. Austin: University of Texas Press,
1999. 235

Morse, Richard M. From Community
to Metropolis: A Biography of São Paulo, Brazil: Univ
Florida Press, 1958. 341

Paternosto, César. Piedra
abstracta: La escultura inca: Una visión contemporánea.
México-Buenos Aires: Fondo de Cultura Económica,
1989. 206

Quantrill, Malcolm, ed. Latin
American Architecture: Six Voices. College Station, TX: Texas
A&M University Press, 2000. 212 Eladio Dieste; Christian
De Groote; Ricardo Legorreta; Rogelio Salmona; Jesús Tenreiro-Degwitz;
Clorindo Testa

Roberts, W. Adolphe. Havana:
The Portrait of a City. New York: Coward-McCann, 1953. "A
Short History" and "Havana Today": commercial
sex & other amusements of the prerevolutionary urbs.

Sachs, Céline. São
Paulo: Políticas Públicas e Habitação
Popular. Translated by Cristina Murachco. São Paulo:
Editora da Universidade de São Paulo, 1999. 277 Analisa
as políticas públicas do regime militar, 1964-1985.

Sampaio, Maria Ruth Amaral de,
ed. Habitação e cidade. São Paulo:
FAPESP, 1998.

Schultz, Kirsten. Tropical
Versailles: Empire, Monarchy, and the Portuguese Royal Court
in Rio de Janeiro, 1808-1821. London: Routledge, 2001. 325

*Segre, Roberto, Mario Coyula,
and Joseph L. Scarpaci. Havana: Two Faces of the Antillean
Metropolis. Chichester - New York: John Wiley & Sons,
1997. 399

Segre, Roberto. América
Latina find de milenio. Raíces y perspectivas de su arquitectura.
La Habana: Editorial Arte y Literatura, 1999.

Torre, Juan Carlos. "La
ciudad y los obreros." In Buenos Aires, historia de cuatro
siglos, edited by José Luis Romero and Luis Alberto
Romero, 275-286. Buenos Aires: Editorial Abril, 1983.

Torres Ribeiro, Ana Clara, ed.
Repensando a experiênça urbana da América
Latina: Questões, conceitos e valores. Buenos Aires: CLACSO,
2000. 250

Wirth, John D., and Robert L.
Jones, eds. Manchester and São Paulo: Problems of Rapid
Urban Growth. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1978.

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